Fumo e salute oro-facciale: analisi della letteratura e razionale scientifico

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32.Greer RO Jr, Poulson TC. Oral tissue alterations associated with the use of smokeless tobacco by teen-agers. Part I. Clinical findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;56:275-84.
33.Poulson TC, Lindenmuth JE, Greer RO Jr. A comparison of the use of smokeless tobacco in rural and urban teenagers. CA Cancer J Clin 1984;34:248-61.
34.Linden GJ, Mullally BH. Cigarette smoking and periodontal destruction in young adults. J Periodontol 1994;65:718-23.
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36.Bergstrom J. Tobacco smoking and supragingival dental calculus. J Clin Periodontol 1999;26:541-7.
37.Tonetti MS. Cigarette Smoking and Periodontal Diseases: Etiology and Management of Disease. Ann Periodontol 1998 Jul;3:88-101.
38.Johnson GK, Hill M. Cigarette smoking and the periodontal patient. J Periodontol 2004 Feb;75(2):196-209.
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41.American Academy of Periodontology. Parameters of Care. J Periodontol 2000;71:i-ii,847-83.
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44.Hanioka T, Tanaka M, Takaya K, Matsumori Y, Shizukuishi S. Pocket oxygen tension in smokers and non-smokers with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2000;71:550-4.
45.Zambon JJ, Grossi SG, Machtei EE, Ho AW, Dunford R, Genco RJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 1996;67:1050-4.
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48. Loesche WJ, Bretz WA, Kerschensteiner D, et al. Development of a diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infections based on plaque hydrolysis of benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:1551-9.
49. Kazor C, Taylor GW, Loesche WJ. The prevalence of BANA-hydrolyzing periodontopathic bacteria in smokers. J Clin Periodontol 1999;26:814-21.
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51. Mosely LH, Finseth F, Goody M. Nicotine and its effect on wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 1978;61:570-5.
52. Sessler DI. Non-pharmacologic prevention of surgical wound infection. Anesthesiol Clin2006 Jun;24(2):279-97.
53. Jensen JA, Goodson WH, Hopf HW, Hunt TK. Cigarette smoking decreases tissue oxygen. Arch Surg 1991 Sep;126(9):1131-4.
54.Noble RC, Penny BB. Comparison of leukocyte count and function in smoking and nonsmoking young men. Infect Immun 1975;12:550-5.
55.Kraal JH, Kenney EB. The response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to chemotactic stimulation for smokers and non-smokers. J Periodontal Res 1979;14:383-9.
56.Kenney EB, Kraal JH, Saxe SR, Jones J. The effect of cigarette smoke on human oral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontal Res 1977;12:227-34.
57.MacFarlane GD, Herzberg MC, Wolff LF, Hardie NA. Refractory periodontitis associated with abnormal polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and cigarette smoking. J Periodontol 1992;63:908-13.
58.Pabst MJ, Pabst KM, Collier JA, et al. Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte defensive functions by nicotine. J Periodontol 1995;66:1047-55.
59. Ryder MI, Fujitaki R, Johnson G, Hyun W. Alterations of neutrophil oxidative burst by in vitro smoke exposure: implications for oral and systemic diseases. Ann Periodontol 1998;3:76-87.
60. Quinn SM, Zhang JB, Gunsolley JC, Schenkein JG, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Influence of smoking and race on immunoglobulin G subclass concentrations in early-onset periodontitis patients. Infect Immun 1996;64:2500-5.
61.McSharry C, Banham SW, Boyd G. Effect of cigarette smoking on the antibody response to inhaled antigens and the prevalence of extrinsic allergic alveolitis among pigeon breeders. Clin Allergy 1985;15:487-94.
62.Haber J. Cigarette smoking: a major risk factor for periodontitis. Compendium 1994;15:1002, 1004-8 passim; quiz 1014.
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69. Pindborg J. Statistical examination of the significance of tobacco in the development of ulceromembranous gingivitis and in the formation of calculus. J Dent Res 1947;26:261-4.
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75. Bain CA, Moy PK. The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:609-15.
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79.Moy PK, Medina D, Shetty V, Aghaloo TL. Dental implant failure rates and associated risk factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2005;20:569-77.
80.Carcuac O, Jansson L. Peri-implantitis in a specialist clinic of periodontology. Clinical features and risk indicators. Swed Dent J 2010;34(2):53-61.
81.Schmidt HJ. The influence of tobacco smoke on the oral soft and hard tissues. Zahnartztl Mitt 1968;58:841-844.
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83.Arendorf TM, Walker DM. The prevalence and intraoral distribution of candida albicans in man. Arch Oral Biol 1980;25:1-10.
84.Balaji SM. Tobacco smoking and surgical healing of oral tissues: A review. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19:344-8.
85.Nilsson B. Taste acuity of the human palate. III. Studies with taste solutions on subjects in different age groups. Acta Odont Scan 1979;37:235-252.
86.Axéll T, Henricsson V. Association between recurrent aphthous ulcers and tobacco habits. Scan J Dent Res 1985;93:239-242.
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88.Redaelli A. La Medicina Estetica. Firenze: See Edizioni 2009.
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90. Krug M, Wünsche A, Blum A. Addiction to tobacco and the consequences for the skin. Hautarzt 2004 Mar;55(3):301-15; quiz 316.
91.Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology/Journal Drugs in Dermatology/Giornale Agorà. Articoli 2008-2012 trimestrale.
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